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论文名称: 简.奥斯丁《劝导》一书中年岁的虚无与存在:沙特式的阅读
论文名称: Nothingness and Being of Age in Jane Austen's Persuasion:A Sartrean Reading
关键词:
存在 being
虚无 nothingness
自身存在 being-in-itself
为己存在 being-for-iteslf
沙特 Jean-Paul Sartre
安.艾略特 Anne Elliot
劝导 Persuasion
年岁 age
[摘要]
奥斯汀的《劝导》这本小说生动描绘女主角安.艾略特(Anne Elliot)从十九岁到二十七岁心境及行为上的转变,安涵盖了奥斯汀之前所刻画过的女性主角中的种种性格,不同的是在这本奥斯汀最后的小说中,作者以不同的年岁呈现女主角不同的人格改变,从被动到主动,从拘禁到挣脱枷锁,此种存在上的不同,正如沙特在「存在与虚无」(Being and Nothingness)一书中所揭示的自身存在(being-in-itself)及为己存在(being-for-itself)。
本论文首章藉由女主角年龄的更迭,来突显青春是受父权宰制的主因,随着年华老去,父权的注目焦点便开始移转,也因为如此,女主角在十九岁时并无法发展出自我认同,直到二十七岁时当所有束缚由身上松绑时才建构出自我的价值,所以年岁对女主角在形体存在(physical being)的影响从男性观点(male gaze)看来是每况愈下的(went worse);但是对女性而言,年岁在自我省察上却是逐年增长的(went worth)。
第二章探讨安在十九岁时对自我认同与存在的迷失状态,此种情况就如沙特所说的仅仅只是一种自身存在的生命展现方式,主要源自于受限在其父华德爵士(Sir Walter Elliot)凯林区山庄(Kellynch-hall)的种种边缘化的对待方式。第三章侧重在安二十七岁自主能力觉醒的探讨,此时安有机会离开凯林区山庄,此行开拓了她的心灵,更使她肯定自己的才能,安的自我意识逐渐因此强化,更因重遇温特华斯(Captain Wentworth)而有机会正视自己先前逃避的毁婚,从而自己决心主动向温特华斯表明心意。
第四章从主体、客体探讨女主角对自我身分认同的过程,并由自虐、被虐讨论女主角在爱情过程中的改变;最后透过权力与欲望的观点,阐述奥斯汀透过笔下安来完成不同于男性传统书写的女性角色。
最后的结论认为虽然在奥斯汀《劝导》的故事铺陈中,年岁决定了女主角的种种转变;但是,若是安能在年轻时了解到年龄并不是某种(something)影响存在自主的主因,只要自己意识到存在的主体及自主性,年岁的影响也就微不足道了(nothing)。
[摘要]
Jane Austen's Persuasion is a novel vividly depicting a woman's lives. The
heroine consists of all the versatile personalities of Austen's previous
works. As the posthumous and last novel, it achieves Austen's maturity of
writing. Therefore, the thesis puts emphasis on deciphering the heroine's
development from the age of nineteen to the age of twenty-seven. As far as I
am concerned, age is the factor to affect the heroine's personalities.
Besides, Jean-Paul Sartre's Being and Nothingness is applied to prove the
heroine's conditions of being at different age. In my thesis, there are five
sections to give a detailed account of the relationship between Persuasion,
the heroine and the author.
Firstly, my introduction briefly articulates my motivation to write this
thesis and introduces that age is a main factor to influence Austen's heroine
in Persuasion. Besides, the concept of "Being and Nothingness" originates
from Jean-Paul Sartre is discussed and applied to analyze the turning process
of the heroine in Persuasion.
In chapter two, the unconscious being of the heroine is discussed to reflect
the connection of woman's age and body. The heroine's being is an object of
desire when she is nineteen. Anne is unconscious of her situation, only
knowing that she is still young and has other choices. This is a concept
based on her appearance of body. Thus, Anne's being is what Sartre called “
being-in-itself.”
Chapter three focuses on the heroine's self-awakening. The heroine becomes
aware of her situation when she is twenty-seven. She is not confident of her
being of body because she is not young comparing with another self in
nineteen. Therefore, she turns to develop her inside, which means that she
changes from the objective being to transcendent one, namely the observing
ego. That is what Sartre called “being-for-itself.” According to Sartre,
it literally means no-thing, not to be seen as an object.
The conflict between being-in-itself and being-for-itself is my concern in
chapter four. There is a controlling power over being-in-itself and being-for-
itself. When the heroine Anne is in the condition of being-in-itself, her
body is the desiring object of Frederick. Frederick is the subject trying to
control Anne; thus, Frederick plays as a sadist. Anne plays as a masochist
because she needs a man to prove her attraction. Anne gets her identity from
the being of her body. On the contrary, when Anne is twenty-seven, she tries
to get her identity through controlling others. Frederick then becomes the
desiring object. They switch their condition of being because age affects men
and women in different way.
Finally, my conclusion declares that though in Austen's Persuasion, age
determines the change of Anne Elliot. However, if Anne had understood that
age is not something to affect her being and had developed her self-identity
at the age of nineteen, the influence of age would have been nothing.
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